Macauley Peterson

<div id="highlights-block_626ff336c308e" class="highlights">
 <ul>
 <li>Solana halted after a flood of network activity caused a cascade failure of the blockchain’s validators</li>
 <li>Ethereum gas fees surged as Ape DAO members tried to mint NFT land parcels in a proposed Bored Ape Yacht Club metaverse</li>
 </ul>
 
</div>



The two preeminent smart contract platforms each ran into performance problems on Saturday after high traffic demands from NFTs temporarily brought transactions to a standstill.&nbsp;



The Solana blockchain halted —&nbsp;again — and had to be restarted. Ethereum continued unabated, but the cost of blockspace skyrocketed to levels not seen since 2020.



While the proximate cause of the outages was the same — high traffic — the source of demand and each network&#8217;s response to it was quite different.



Solana was fully offline — blocks were not being produced — for around 8 hours, according to <a href="https://status.solana.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">status.solana.com</a>, resuming operation only after network validators <a href="https://twitter.com/SolanaStatus/status/1520637332990623745" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">performed</a> a “cluster restart.”



The outage stemmed from extreme congestion due to activities of specialized bots, or automated software programs, trying to “blind mint” NFTs (non-fungible tokens) and immediately resell them on secondary markets. The traffic became so intense that the network suffered a breakdown in consensus — a cascade effect which ultimately shut the blockchain down.



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true">Yesterday some validators recorded in excess of 100gbps in network ingress and 4 million packets per second (i.e. transactions being submitted). That&#39;s 100,000 mbps, most home internet connections are less than 100mbps&#8230;&mdash; Laine | stakewiz.com (@laine_sa_) <a href="https://twitter.com/laine_sa_/status/1520778336729018368?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 1, 2022</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
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“Restarts are incredibly frustrating, time consuming &amp; upsetting to SOL supporters, investors and everyone else involved. This one went off remarkably well, all things considered, but it&#8217;s not ever a desirable situation,” <a href="https://twitter.com/laine_sa_/status/1520778385542287361?s=20&amp;t=tPRsjdCFIIXq9a-KXvabvw" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tweeted</a> one Solana validator, in a thread <a href="https://twitter.com/aeyakovenko/status/1520857694944456704" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endorsed by</a> Solana Labs co-founder Anatoly Yakovenko.



Most of these transactions came via Metaplex, whose <a href="https://docs.metaplex.com/candy-machine-v2/introduction" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Candy Machine</a> tool Solana-based NFT projects rely on to launch their collections, <a href="https://twitter.com/metaplex/status/1520608064155521024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">according to the group</a>. In response, Metaplex is instituting a first-time 0.01 SOL fee to prevent bots from effectively spamming the network with invalid transactions during attempts to mint.



Solana itself currently lacks a fee market to control spam or sudden surges in traffic, although one was <a href="https://github.com/solana-labs/solana/issues/22820" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">proposed by Yakovenko</a> in January, a suggestion he <a href="https://twitter.com/aeyakovenko/status/1514672649330311169" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reiterated</a> last month.



Solana also suffered major outages in <a href="https://twitter.com/aeyakovenko/status/1485165500187361280" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">January 2022</a> for similar reasons, but involving arbitrage and liquidation bots, rather than NFT flippers. Unlike that incident and a 10-hour outage in <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/solana-recovers-after-10-hour-outage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">September 2021</a>, the price of Solana’s SOL token was relatively unscathed, falling temporarily by about 9%, and now trading for $88.16 per <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/prices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data collected by Blockworks</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ethereum never stops, but it does get pricey</h3>



The Ethereum network has a near perfect uptime record since its inception, but periods of high demand can make the blockchain costly due to extreme spikes in transaction fees. That’s what happened when Yuga Labs’ latest NFT project — a virtual land sale inspired by Bored Ape Yacht Club, called <a href="https://otherside.xyz/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Otherside</a> — launched.



The company <a href="https://twitter.com/yugalabs/status/1520612361853276162" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">called it</a> “the largest NFT mint in history by several multiples.” As of Monday, over roughly 95,000 land plot NFTs are <a href="https://opensea.io/collection/otherdeed" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">listed on NFT marketplace OpenSea</a> with a floor price of 4.2 ether, or about $11,700.



Would-be landowners in the metaverse project — which does not yet exist — had to qualify for a whitelist, including registration for know your customer (KYC) purposes, and were limited to two NFTs each. But as they attempted to score their swath of virtual real estate, gas fees on Ethereum mainnet shot as high as 8,600 <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gwei-ethereum.asp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gwei</a>, temporarily sending the cost of transactions into the thousands of dollars.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/u_2YaObxyM5rIAy2qgRVPALrxRUDV-biYKyDAcBpODg3uc_8O3Ko_AJufd3ML9xxCeb0IndctiD42D0xp_8Nl2zVahgAsMusXOuN_nQI1sRuO6PzNirf0Ma4_aQUvta_gsoRKunl" alt=""/><figcaption>Source: <a href="https://etherscan.io/gastracker#historicaldata" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Etherscan</a></figcaption></figure>



Ethereum’s fee market is based on supply and demand, but its <a href="https://blockchair.com/ethereum/charts/transactions-per-second" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maximum throughput</a> is around 13 transactions per second, which makes the protocol susceptible to extreme spikes during peak demand.



On top of that, Yuga Labs’ NFTs lacked routine techniques to minimize gas usage requirements, <a href="https://twitter.com/WillPapper/status/1520592312379658241" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">according to</a> Will Papper of SyndicateDAO.



“Of course, gas optimizations are only one part of the equation. You need a better mint mechanism design…Money spent on gas is money that could go to builders,” Papper <a href="https://twitter.com/WillPapper/status/1520663444558471168" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">said on Twitter</a> following the event.



More than 64,078 ETH, around $180 million, was spent during the NFT mint, <a href="https://etherscan.io/address/0x34d85c9cdeb23fa97cb08333b511ac86e1c4e258#analytics-txfees" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data from Etherscan show</a>. Due to the Ethereum upgrade <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/?s=EIP-1559" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EIP-1559</a> last year, the amount of ether burned shows a commensurate jump on May 1.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/bk4YyuZPigH8dSQMVBmFkXNs771ck6pWyy3aCWLxA64uL5EocPaw8N6_E9kMpW_n-hS1wlyZkeAOgxzHcKal-hFsz6GL9IIGxtCGpGYeKn7sw8TINCE_GflROF6j8v34vqvT6B3W" alt=""/><figcaption>Source: <a href="https://ethburned.info/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ethburned.info</a></figcaption></figure>



Aside from the policy and technical fixes to prevent so-called “gas wars,” NFT projects have the option to move their mints to Ethereum layer-2 networks like <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/?s=Immutable+X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ImmutableX</a> or sidechains like <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/?s=polygon" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Polygon’s PoS</a> chain.



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